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Aims. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease, and a variety of personal protective equipment (PPE) has been recommended as preventive measures for prehospital emergency personnel, which has led to considerable challenges and a great confusion for the personnel. This review aims to identify different types of PPE required in the care of COVID-19 patients in prehospital emergency system.Material and methods. This study was carried out by searching through databases including: Pubmed, Proqust, Google Scholar, and Cinahl. All articles that recommended different types of PPE against COVID-19 and infectious diseases for prehospital emergency personnel were collected in a table.Results. After carrying out the initial search in the databases, 1,009 studies were obtained and then 16 articles were selected. The findings seem to suggest using equipment including: gloves, face shields (shield/goggles), protective clothes (medical jumpsuit/scrubs), surgical masks, N-95 masks, powered air purifying respirators (PAPR), hair covers, shoe covers and washing up the hands by the emergency medical service (EMS) personnel.Discussion. The scrutiny of the relevant studies showed that each of them advised the EMS personnel to use a number of PPE. The present study highlighted the fact that there are other components of the PPE which can be useful to them.Conclusion. This study identified the most appropriate PPE needed for prehospital emergency personnel against COVID-19, and it is believed that planning for adequate access to this equipment and training on how to use them can significantly help to reduce the infection among the personnel.
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Background: This study aimed to develop and practically use a questionnaire to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of women regarding the use of sanitizers at home against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted among Iranian women (aged ≥18 years). The KAP items were selected based on the experts’ opinions, and the scale underwent a series of validation processes, including the face, content, and construct validity, and internal consistency for reliability. Results: The internal consistency coefficient exceeded 0.7 for KAP subunits. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested a three-factor construct for each subunit, and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated acceptable fit indices for the proposed models. Overall, 330 women (mean age: 36.78 ± 10.12 years, married: 74.2%, and bachelor’s degree: 46.7%) completed the questionnaire. The level of adequate knowledge on sanitizer use, positive attitude, and good practice achieved were 87.0%, 58.5%, and 66.1%, respectively. Among demographic variables, education level and occupation showed a significant relationship (P < 0.05) against KAP and attitude, individually. Conclusion: Despite the high percentage of knowledge, the participants did not get a high attitude and practice score. © 2022.
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BACKGROUND Patients with a type D personality have worse social functioning and mental health and more affective constraints than non-type D personalities. They have a negative outlook on life and health-related issues. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of stress and anxiety in the relationship between type D personality and COVID-19 by adjustment of the effect of demographic characteristics and perceived symptoms as confounder variables. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE A total of 196 patients out of those suspected of having COVID-19 and visiting the reference hospitals were selected. They had completed the type D personality and the anxiety and stress scales along with their hospital admission form before undergoing COVID-19 testing. After their COVID-19 test, the participants were divided into two groups based on their disease, an infected group (n = 90) and a non-infected group (n = 106). RESULTS Type D personality has no significant direct effect on infection with the disease, but taking into account the mediating variable of stress, the odds of an event in those with type D personality is 2.21 times higher than those without this personality (p = .027) and, taking into account the mediating variable of anxiety, having a type D personality increases the odds of an event by 2.62 times (p = .011), holding demographic characteristics and perceived symptoms constant. CONCLUSIONS Given the indirect relationship between COVID-19 and type D personality, the mediating variables of stress and anxiety can be considered full mediating variables.